Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a viral illness caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the same family as the virus responsible for smallpox. Written by Ally Cohen.
What is Mpox?
Mpox is a viral zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. The monkeypox virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes variola (smallpox), vaccinia, and cowpox viruses. Although Mpox is less severe than smallpox, it still poses significant health concerns, especially in areas with limited healthcare access.
History of Mpox
Mpox was first identified in 1958 when outbreaks occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then, most cases have been reported in Central and West African countries, with sporadic outbreaks elsewhere due to travel or imported animals.
How Mpox spreads
Transmission
Mpox can be transmitted to humans through physical contact with an infected person, contaminated materials, or infected animals. Human-to-human transmission primarily occurs through respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face contact but can also happen through direct contact with bodily fluids or lesion material, and indirect contact with lesion material, such as through contaminated clothing or linens.
Symptoms of Mpox
The incubation period for Mpox is usually 7−14 days but can range from 5−21 days. Initial symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, and exhaustion. These early signs are often accompanied by swollen lymph nodes, which is a key differentiator from smallpox (WHO).
Advanced symptoms
Within 1 to 3 days after the appearance of fever, the patient develops a rash, often beginning on the face and then spreading to other parts of the body. The rash goes through several stages before forming a scab, which eventually falls off. These symptoms can last between 2 to 4 weeks. In severe cases, lesions can merge and cause large sections of skin to slough off (Healthline).
Complications of Mpox
Complications can include secondary bacterial infections, respiratory distress, bronchopneumonia, sepsis, encephalitis, and corneal infection leading to loss of vision. The risk of severe disease is higher among children and individuals with compromised immune systems (CDC).
Diagnosis and testing:
Clinical assessment
Healthcare providers will examine the patient for characteristic symptoms such as skin lesions, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. They will also inquire about recent travel, exposure to animals, and any known contacts with infected individuals (NHS).
Laboratory tests
Diagnosis is confirmed by testing a sample from a lesion (skin, fluid, or crust) and examining it for the presence of the monkeypox virus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the preferred laboratory test due to its accuracy and sensitivity (WHO). Other tests may include virus culture and serology to detect specific antibodies.
Differential diagnosis
To accurately diagnose Mpox, healthcare providers must rule out other diseases with similar symptoms, such as chickenpox, herpes zoster, and other viral infections.
Treatment:
Antiviral treatments
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment approved for Mpox. However, antivirals developed for smallpox, such as tecovirimat (TPOXX) and brincidofovir (Tembexa), are being evaluated in clinical trials for their effectiveness against Mpox. For patients at higher risk or those experiencing severe disease, these treatments may be considered (CDC).
Supportive care
Supportive care is crucial in managing Mpox. This includes managing symptoms, preventing complications, and providing hydration and pain relief. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide intensive care (Mayo Clinic).
Prevention:
Vaccination
The smallpox vaccine has been shown to provide protection against Mpox. A prior vaccination against smallpox has been about 85% effective in preventing Mpox. Newer vaccines, such as the Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine, are also being used in some countries (CDC).
Mass vaccination campaigns, especially in regions with higher incidences of Mpox, can significantly reduce the spread of the virus. Targeted vaccination for healthcare workers and contacts of confirmed cases is also an effective strategy.
Hygiene and sanitation
Good hygiene and sanitation practices are essential to prevent the spread of Mpox. This includes regular hand washing, using personal protective equipment when caring for infected individuals, and proper handling and disposal of potentially contaminated materials.
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Mpox in different regions:
Mpox in Africa
In Africa, particularly Central and West Africa, Mpox is endemic. The majority of cases have been reported in countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Factors contributing to the prevalence include close contact with wild animals and limited access to healthcare (NHS).
Global spread of Mpox
Though historically confined to Africa, Mpox cases have been reported globally due to international travel and importation of animals. Outbreaks in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries highlight the potential for wider spread and the need for global vigilance (Wikipedia).
Public health response:
Governments play a crucial role in controlling Mpox outbreaks through surveillance, reporting, and public health interventions. Quarantine measures, travel restrictions, and public awareness campaigns are some of the strategies employed to prevent the spread.
Organisations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide guidance, resources, and support to countries affected by Mpox. Their efforts include coordinating research, facilitating vaccine distribution, and providing technical assistance (WHO).
FAQs about Mpox
What are the primary symptoms of Mpox?
Mpox symptoms include a skin rash or mucosal lesions, fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, low energy, and swollen lymph nodes. These symptoms can last between 2 to 4 weeks (WHO).
How is Mpox transmitted?
Mpox is transmitted through direct contact with the bodily fluids of infected animals or humans, respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face contact, and contaminated materials (Healthline).
Can Mpox be prevented through vaccination?
Yes, the smallpox vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing Mpox. Newer vaccines are also being used to provide protection (CDC).
What treatments are available for Mpox?
There is no specific treatment for Mpox, but antivirals developed for smallpox, such as tecovirimat (TPOXX) and brincidofovir (Tembexa), have shown promise. Supportive care is essential to manage symptoms and prevent complications (CDC).
Where is Mpox most commonly found?
Mpox is most commonly found in Central and West Africa. However, cases have been reported globally due to travel and the importation of animals (Wikipedia).
What role do public health organisations play in controlling Mpox?
Public health organisations like WHO and CDC provide guidance, resources, and support to countries affected by Mpox. They coordinate research, facilitate vaccine distribution, and offer technical assistance to control outbreaks (WHO).
On a final note..
Mpox, while less well-known than some other viral diseases, poses significant health risks, especially in regions with limited healthcare access. Understanding its symptoms, transmission methods, and preventive measures is vital in managing and controlling outbreaks. Through coordinated efforts by governments, public health organisations, and communities, the spread of Mpox can be effectively mitigated, safeguarding public health on a global scale.
By adhering to hygiene practices, supporting vaccination efforts, and staying informed about the disease, we can all play a part in preventing Mpox and ensuring better health outcomes for those at risk.
Remember to seek medical attention if you suspect you have Mpox or have been in contact with an infected person. Stay informed and take necessary precautions to protect yourself and others. If you experience symptoms, follow the guidelines provided by health authorities to prevent further spread.
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