The 4 New Subtypes of Autism Explained for Parents

Recent advancements in autism research have led to the identification of four distinct subtypes of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), each characterised by unique genetic profiles, developmental patterns and behavioural manifestations. This groundbreaking study, published in Nature Genetics, utilised comprehensive data analysis to classify over 5,000 children with autism into these subtypes, paving the way for more personalised diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

1. Social and Behavioural Challenges

The first subtype, social and behavioural challenges, encompasses individuals who exhibit core autism traits such as social communication difficulties and repetitive behaviours. Notably, this group generally reaches developmental milestones, like walking and talking, at a pace similar to neurotypical peers. However, they often experience co-occurring conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Researchers found that this group is more likely to carry rare inherited genetic variants. These findings suggest that the genetic underpinnings of this subtype may be passed down from parents, influencing the development of social and behavioural traits associated with autism.

2. Mixed Autism Spectrum Disorder with Developmental Delay

The second subtype, mixed autism spectrum disorder with developmental delay, is characterised by delayed developmental milestones, such as walking and talking, later than neurotypical children. Despite these delays, individuals in this group typically do not exhibit signs of anxiety, depression, or disruptive behaviours. Genetic analyses revealed that this group is more likely to carry rare genetic mutations passed down from their parents, indicating a hereditary component to their condition.

This subtype highlights the variability in the presentation of autism, emphasising the need for individualised assessment and intervention strategies to address the unique challenges faced by these individuals.

3. Moderate Challenges

Individuals in the moderate challenges subtype show milder autism-related behaviours and generally reach developmental milestones on a similar track to neurotypical peers. They typically do not have co-occurring psychiatric issues. This group represents a significant portion of the autism population and underscores the variability in the presentation of autism spectrum disorders.

The identification of this subtype further supports the notion that autism is not a monolithic condition but a collection of biologically distinct disorders, each requiring tailored approaches to diagnosis and intervention.

4. Broadly Affected

The broadly affected subtype is the smallest group but also the most severely affected. Individuals in this group face significant challenges across development, behaviour, and mental health. They exhibit major developmental delays, social and communication difficulties, repetitive behaviours, and co-occurring conditions like anxiety, depression, and mood dysregulation. Genetic analyses have shown that this group is more likely to carry new, non-inherited gene mutations, indicating that these genetic changes may occur during early childhood development.

This subtype was also identified in the study conducted by researchers at Princeton University and the Simons Foundation, emphasising the importance of considering genetic factors in understanding the full spectrum of autism.

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Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment of Autism

The introduction of these four subtypes offers a more comprehensive understanding of autism, which has the potential to significantly improve both diagnosis and treatment. By recognising these subtypes, healthcare professionals can:

• Tailor interventions: Each subtype requires different types of support and intervention. For example, someone with Social and Behavioural Challenges might benefit from speech therapy and social skills training, while someone with Sensory Processing Autism might need sensory integration therapy.
• Enhance early diagnosis: With a clearer understanding of the subtypes, early intervention can be more precise, allowing children to receive targeted support as early as possible.
• Improve educational strategies: Teachers can use subtype-specific strategies to create a more inclusive learning environment. For example, a child with Cognitive Autism may benefit from structured teaching methods, while a child with Behavioural Autism may need a focus on reducing repetitive behaviours.

Conclusion

The recent identification of four distinct subtypes of autism represents a significant advancement in our understanding of this complex neurodevelopmental condition. By recognising and addressing the specific traits of each subtype, clinicians can offer more accurate diagnoses and tailor interventions to better support individuals on the autism spectrum. Whether it’s improving social communication, managing sensory sensitivities, enhancing cognitive flexibility, or reducing repetitive behaviours, these subtypes provide a clearer path for diagnosis and treatment. The future of autism care looks promising, with personalised strategies offering new hope for individuals with autism and their families.

References

• Litman, A., Sauerwald, N., Theesfeld, C. L., Park, C. Y., & Troyanskaya, O. G. (2025). Decomposition of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorder. Nature Genetics. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-025-02224-z
• Troyanskaya, O. G., Litman, A., & Foss-Feig, J. (2025). Major autism study uncovers biologically distinct subtypes, paving the way for precision diagnosis and care. Princeton University News. Retrieved from https://www.princeton.edu/news/2025/07/09/major-autism-study-uncovers-biologically-distinct-subtypes-paving-way-precision
• Litman, A., Sauerwald, N., Theesfeld, C. L., Park, C. Y., & Troyanskaya, O. G. (2025). Four new autism subtypes link genes to children’s traits. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/four-new-autism-subtypes-link-genes-to-childrens-traits/
• Storey, D. (2025). New autism study uncovers four biological subtypes. Psychiatrist.com. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatrist.com/news/new-autism-study-uncovers-four-biological-subtypes/
• Coddington, M. (2025). Four autism subtypes found in study of 5,000 children. Technology Networks. Retrieved from https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/news/four-autism-subtypes-found-in-study-of-5000-children-402096

DISCLAIMER: The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice. For concerns, please consult a healthcare professional.