Childhood Illnesses Glossary: Over 100 Essential Terms and Definitions

by BabyYumYum
Childhood Illnesses Glossary: Over 100 Essential Terms and Definitions

As parents, caregivers, and educators, one of our greatest concerns is ensuring the health and well-being of the children in our care. From common colds and ear infections to more serious conditions like meningitis and asthma, childhood illnesses can be overwhelming, especially when symptoms appear suddenly. It is natural to feel concerned when a child falls ill, but having accurate, easy-to-understand information can make a world of difference in recognising symptoms, seeking appropriate treatment, and knowing when medical intervention is necessary.

This comprehensive glossary has been carefully compiled to serve as a trusted reference guide for understanding 100 common childhood illnesses and medical terms. Whether it’s a mild infection that can be treated at home, a condition requiring medical attention, or a rare illness that needs specialist care, this guide provides clear, detailed definitions of each condition, along with symptoms, causes, and treatment options.

Why Is This Glossary Important?

Children, especially babies and toddlers, are more susceptible to infections due to their developing immune systems. Many illnesses spread quickly in schools, nurseries, and playgrounds, where children are in close contact with one another. While some illnesses, like chickenpox, are considered a normal part of childhood, others, like whooping cough or meningitis, can be serious and even life-threatening if not recognised and treated in time.

This glossary is particularly useful because:
✅ It helps parents and caregivers understand medical terms often used by doctors.
✅ It provides guidance on whether an illness can be managed at home or if medical help is required.
✅ It offers insights into common symptoms so illnesses can be recognised early.
✅ It educates on prevention—many childhood illnesses can be avoided with proper hygiene, vaccination, and good nutrition.
✅ It supports early intervention—catching illnesses early can lead to faster recovery and better health outcomes.

Understanding your child’s health is empowering. While this guide does not replace professional medical advice, it serves as a valuable first point of reference when you notice signs of illness in your child.

IN THIS GUIDE: 

Childhood Infectious Diseases

Childhood infectious diseases refer to illnesses caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that spread easily among children due to their developing immune systems and close contact with peers. These diseases can range from mild to severe and may lead to complications if not managed properly. Vaccination, proper hygiene, and timely medical intervention are key in preventing and controlling the spread of these infections.

Chickenpox (Varicella)

Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It primarily affects children and spreads through airborne droplets or direct contact with the fluid from blisters. Symptoms include an itchy rash that progresses into fluid-filled blisters, fever, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Most cases are mild, but complications such as bacterial skin infections, pneumonia, or encephalitis can occur. Vaccination is the most effective method of prevention. Treatment focuses on symptom relief, including antihistamines for itching, fever reducers, and maintaining hydration.

Measles

Measles is a highly infectious viral disease caused by the measles virus. It spreads through respiratory droplets and direct contact with an infected person. Initial symptoms include high fever, cough, runny nose, and conjunctivitis (red eyes), followed by the appearance of Koplik’s spots inside the mouth. A red, blotchy rash develops on the face and spreads downward across the body. Complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and ear infections can arise. The MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine is the best preventive measure. Supportive treatment includes rest, hydration, and fever management.

Mumps

Mumps is a contagious viral infection affecting the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands. It is caused by the mumps virus and spreads through airborne droplets, direct contact, or contaminated surfaces. Symptoms include painful swelling of the cheeks and jaw, fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. While most cases are mild, complications such as meningitis, pancreatitis, or hearing loss can occur. The MMR vaccine effectively prevents mumps. Treatment focuses on symptom relief, including pain relievers, warm or cold compresses, and adequate hydration.

Rubella (German Measles)

Rubella is a mild viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It spreads through respiratory droplets and close contact with infected individuals. Symptoms include a low-grade fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a pink rash that begins on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. While rubella is usually mild in children, it poses a serious risk to pregnant women as it can cause congenital rubella syndrome, leading to birth defects such as hearing impairment, heart abnormalities, and developmental delays. The MMR vaccine provides effective prevention. Treatment focuses on rest, hydration, and managing fever symptoms, as there is no specific antiviral cure for rubella.

Whooping Cough (Pertussis)

Whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. It spreads through respiratory droplets and is known for causing severe coughing fits, often followed by a “whooping” sound when inhaling. Early symptoms resemble a mild cold, but the cough worsens over time, sometimes leading to vomiting or difficulty breathing. Infants are particularly vulnerable and may develop complications such as pneumonia, seizures, or brain damage. The DTaP vaccine is the best preventive measure. Treatment includes antibiotics to reduce contagion, along with supportive care such as hydration, rest, and monitoring of breathing difficulties, particularly in young children.

Scarlet Fever

Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria, which often follows a strep throat infection. It primarily affects children and is characterised by a bright red rash that feels like sandpaper, high fever, sore throat, and a “strawberry” tongue. The disease spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals. Although scarlet fever was once a severe illness, it is now effectively treated with antibiotics. Early treatment helps prevent complications such as rheumatic fever and kidney disease. Supportive care, including hydration, fever management, and rest, is also essential.

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness in young children, caused by enteroviruses such as the Coxsackie virus. It spreads through direct contact with nasal secretions, saliva, stool, or fluid from blisters of infected individuals. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, reduced appetite, and painful blisters on the hands, feet, and inside the mouth. The illness is usually mild and self-limiting, lasting about a week. Treatment focuses on symptom relief with adequate hydration, pain relievers, and soothing mouth rinses to ease discomfort.

Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)

Fifth Disease, also known as Erythema Infectiosum, is a mild viral infection caused by parvovirus B19. It is commonly seen in children and spreads through respiratory secretions. The disease is characterised by a distinctive red rash on the cheeks, often referred to as a “slapped cheek” appearance, followed by a lacy rash on the body. Other symptoms may include mild fever, runny nose, and joint pain. While generally harmless in healthy children, Fifth Disease can pose risks for pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems. There is no specific treatment, but rest, fluids, and pain relievers help manage symptoms.

Roseola (Sixth Disease)

Roseola, also known as Sixth Disease, is a common viral infection in infants and young children caused by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) or sometimes HHV-7. It is characterised by a sudden high fever lasting for several days, followed by a pinkish rash that starts on the trunk and spreads to the limbs. Other symptoms may include mild respiratory issues, irritability, and swollen lymph nodes. The infection spreads through respiratory droplets. Roseola is usually mild and self-limiting, requiring only supportive treatment such as fever reducers, hydration, and rest.

Influenza (Flu)

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious viral infection that affects the respiratory system. It is caused by influenza viruses that spread through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or touching contaminated surfaces. Symptoms include high fever, chills, body aches, cough, sore throat, fatigue, and headache. In severe cases, influenza can lead to complications such as pneumonia, especially in young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. Annual flu vaccination is the best preventive measure. Treatment involves rest, fluids, fever management, and, in some cases, antiviral medications prescribed by a doctor.

Common Cold (Rhinovirus)

The common cold is a viral infection caused by the rhinovirus, primarily affecting the upper respiratory tract. It spreads easily through respiratory droplets and direct contact with contaminated surfaces. Symptoms include a runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, mild cough, and congestion. While generally mild, it can lead to complications such as ear infections or sinusitis in children. There is no specific treatment, but symptom management includes rest, hydration, and over-the-counter remedies to alleviate discomfort.

COVID-19

COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It spreads through respiratory droplets, airborne transmission, and contact with contaminated surfaces. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and loss of taste or smell. Severe cases can result in pneumonia and organ complications. Preventative measures include vaccination, hand hygiene, and mask-wearing in high-risk settings. Treatment varies based on severity, ranging from home care to hospitalisation for severe cases.

Strep Throat (Streptococcal Pharyngitis)

Strep throat is a bacterial infection caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria. It spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. Symptoms include a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and white patches on the tonsils. Unlike viral sore throats, strep throat requires antibiotic treatment to prevent complications such as rheumatic fever. Rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers help ease symptoms.

Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)

Mononucleosis, also known as glandular fever, is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It spreads through saliva, often called the “kissing disease.” Symptoms include extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and an enlarged spleen. Recovery can take several weeks. There is no specific treatment, but rest, hydration, and fever management are recommended to ease symptoms.

Meningitis (Bacterial and Viral)

Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, caused by bacterial or viral infections. Symptoms include fever, stiff neck, headache, sensitivity to light, and confusion. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring immediate antibiotic treatment, while viral meningitis is usually milder and resolves on its own. Vaccination is the best prevention against certain bacterial strains, and early medical intervention is crucial for recovery.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a lung infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It leads to symptoms such as cough, fever, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. Children, especially infants, are more susceptible to severe complications. Bacterial pneumonia requires antibiotics, while viral pneumonia is managed with supportive care. Vaccination, good hygiene, and avoiding smoke exposure help prevent pneumonia.

Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets from an infected person. Symptoms include a persistent cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. TB can become severe if left untreated, but it is preventable with the BCG vaccine. Treatment includes a prolonged course of antibiotics to eliminate the infection.

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a bacterial infection affecting the throat and airways, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It spreads through respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces. Symptoms include a thick grey coating in the throat, sore throat, fever, and difficulty breathing. Without treatment, it can lead to severe complications like heart damage and nerve problems. The DTaP vaccine is the best preventive measure, and treatment includes antitoxins and antibiotics.

Rotavirus Infection

Rotavirus is a highly contagious virus that causes severe diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration in young children. It spreads through contaminated hands, surfaces, and food. It is a leading cause of hospitalisation due to dehydration. The rotavirus vaccine effectively prevents severe cases. Treatment focuses on rehydration and symptom relief.

Norovirus Infection (Stomach Flu)

Norovirus, often called stomach flu, is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, leading to vomiting, diarrhoea, and stomach cramps. It spreads rapidly through contaminated food, water, and surfaces. While the illness is typically short-lived, dehydration can be a concern in young children. Preventive measures include proper handwashing and food hygiene. Treatment involves hydration and rest to aid recovery.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is a viral infection that affects the liver, causing symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, nausea, and abdominal pain. It spreads through contaminated food and water or close contact with an infected person. Most cases are mild and resolve on their own, but vaccination is an effective prevention method. Good hygiene and safe food practices help reduce the risk of infection.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and can lead to chronic liver disease or liver cancer if untreated. It spreads through contact with infected bodily fluids, including blood and saliva. Symptoms include jaundice, dark urine, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Vaccination is the best preventive measure, and treatment may include antiviral medications for chronic cases.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), primarily transmitted through blood contact. Many cases are asymptomatic, but symptoms can include jaundice, fatigue, and muscle aches. Chronic infections may lead to liver damage. There is no vaccine, but antiviral medications can cure the infection in most cases.

Polio (Poliomyelitis)

Polio is a highly contagious viral disease that can cause paralysis and even death in severe cases. It spreads through contact with infected faeces or saliva. Most infections are mild or asymptomatic, but severe cases affect the nervous system, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. The polio vaccine is the best prevention method. There is no cure, but supportive care can help manage symptoms.

Tetanus

Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani, which enters the body through wounds or cuts. It produces a toxin that affects the nervous system, leading to muscle stiffness and painful spasms, particularly in the jaw (lockjaw). Tetanus is not contagious but can be fatal without treatment. The best prevention is vaccination with the DTaP vaccine. Treatment includes wound care, antitoxin administration, and supportive medical care.

Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted through the bite of infected black-legged ticks. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and a distinctive bull’s-eye rash. If untreated, Lyme disease can lead to severe complications affecting the joints, heart, and nervous system. Treatment involves antibiotics, and prevention includes using insect repellent and checking for ticks after outdoor activities.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitted through tick bites. Symptoms include high fever, rash, headache, nausea, and muscle pain. If untreated, it can lead to severe complications such as organ damage and neurological problems. Early treatment with antibiotics is essential for recovery. Preventive measures include avoiding tick-infested areas and using insect repellent.

Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi, commonly spread through contaminated food and water. Symptoms include high fever, weakness, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhoea, and loss of appetite. Without treatment, it can lead to severe complications. Vaccination is available for high-risk individuals, and antibiotics are the primary treatment. Preventive measures include proper sanitation, safe drinking water, and good hygiene.

Malaria

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, chills, sweating, muscle aches, nausea, and anaemia. Severe cases can lead to organ failure and death if untreated. Prevention includes mosquito control, using insect repellent, sleeping under insecticide-treated nets, and taking antimalarial medications in high-risk areas. Treatment depends on the type of Plasmodium parasite and includes antimalarial drugs.

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever is a viral infection spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Symptoms include high fever, severe headaches, joint and muscle pain, skin rash, and mild bleeding (such as nosebleeds or gum bleeding). In severe cases, it can develop into dengue haemorrhagic fever, leading to organ damage and shock. There is no specific antiviral treatment, but supportive care includes hydration, pain relief, and close monitoring. Preventive measures involve mosquito control and avoiding mosquito bites in endemic areas.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that can infect people of all ages. While it often causes no symptoms, it can lead to complications in newborns and immunocompromised individuals. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, swollen glands, and sore throat. Severe cases in newborns can result in hearing loss or developmental delays. Prevention includes good hygiene practices and avoiding contact with infected bodily fluids. Treatment is supportive, but antiviral medications may be used in severe cases.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is the virus responsible for mononucleosis, commonly known as glandular fever. It spreads through saliva and close contact. Symptoms include extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and an enlarged spleen. Most cases resolve on their own with rest and hydration, but complications such as liver issues and prolonged fatigue can occur. There is no specific treatment, but managing symptoms and avoiding strenuous activity during recovery is recommended.

Adenovirus Infection

Adenovirus infections are caused by a group of viruses that affect the respiratory system, eyes, and gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms vary depending on the strain but commonly include fever, sore throat, pink eye, cough, and diarrhoea. It spreads through respiratory droplets, close contact, and contaminated surfaces. Most infections are mild and self-limiting, with treatment focusing on symptom relief. Good hygiene and handwashing help prevent its spread.

Parainfluenza Virus Infection

Parainfluenza viruses cause respiratory illnesses such as croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia, especially in young children. Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, and wheezing. It spreads through respiratory droplets and close contact. While there is no specific antiviral treatment, supportive care includes hydration, fever management, and rest. Severe cases may require medical intervention, such as oxygen therapy.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common virus that affects the respiratory system, particularly in infants and young children. It causes mild cold-like symptoms but can lead to serious conditions such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing. RSV spreads through respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces. Prevention includes good hygiene and avoiding contact with infected individuals. Treatment is mainly supportive, with hospitalisation required in severe cases.

Kawasaki Disease

Kawasaki disease is a rare but serious illness that causes inflammation of blood vessels throughout the body, primarily affecting children under five years old. Symptoms include high fever, red eyes, swollen hands and feet, a rash, and swollen lymph nodes. If untreated, it can lead to heart complications such as coronary artery aneurysms. The exact cause is unknown, but early treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin can help reduce complications.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever is a viral illness transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Symptoms include sudden fever, severe joint pain, muscle aches, rash, and fatigue. While the disease is rarely fatal, joint pain can persist for months. There is no specific treatment, but rest, hydration, and pain relievers help manage symptoms. Preventive measures include avoiding mosquito bites and using insect repellent.

Zika Virus Infection

Zika virus infection is caused by the Zika virus, which is transmitted primarily through mosquito bites. Most cases are mild, with symptoms such as fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. However, infection during pregnancy can cause severe birth defects, including microcephaly. Prevention includes mosquito control, using insect repellent, and avoiding travel to affected regions during pregnancy. There is no specific treatment, only supportive care.

Ringworm (Tinea)

Ringworm is a contagious fungal infection that affects the skin, scalp, or nails. It appears as a red, itchy, circular rash with a clear centre. It spreads through direct contact with infected people, animals, or contaminated objects. Treatment includes antifungal creams for mild cases, while severe infections may require oral antifungal medication. Maintaining good hygiene and avoiding shared personal items help prevent infection.

Scabies

Scabies is a highly contagious skin condition caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin, leading to intense itching and a rash of small red bumps. It spreads through prolonged skin-to-skin contact and sharing bedding or clothing. Treatment includes prescription creams or oral medications to kill the mites. Washing clothes and bedding in hot water is essential to prevent reinfestation.

Head Lice (Pediculosis)

Head lice are tiny parasitic insects that infest the scalp and hair, causing itching and discomfort. They spread through direct head-to-head contact or sharing personal items such as hats, combs, and pillows. While head lice do not transmit disease, their presence can be bothersome. Treatment includes medicated shampoos, manual removal with a fine-toothed comb, and washing affected clothing and bedding.

Impetigo

Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria. It appears as red sores that rupture and form honey-coloured crusts, typically around the mouth and nose. The infection spreads through direct contact with infected skin or contaminated surfaces. Treatment includes topical or oral antibiotics, good hygiene practices, and avoiding touching or scratching the affected areas.

Boils and Carbuncles

Boils and carbuncles are painful, pus-filled lumps that develop when hair follicles become infected by bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus. A single infected follicle results in a boil, while a cluster of boils forms a carbuncle. Symptoms include swelling, redness, and tenderness at the site of infection. Warm compresses can help relieve pain and encourage drainage, but severe cases may require medical treatment such as drainage or antibiotics.

Thrush (Oral Candidiasis)

Thrush is a fungal infection caused by Candida yeast, commonly affecting infants and young children. It appears as white patches on the tongue, inside the cheeks, or the roof of the mouth, sometimes causing discomfort or difficulty feeding. Thrush can occur after antibiotic use or in those with weakened immune systems. Treatment includes antifungal medications, maintaining oral hygiene, and, in some cases, sterilising pacifiers and feeding bottles.

Pinworm Infection

Pinworm infection is a common parasitic infection in children, caused by Enterobius vermicularis. It spreads through the ingestion of microscopic eggs found on contaminated hands, surfaces, or food. Symptoms include intense itching around the anus, especially at night, which can disrupt sleep. Treatment involves antiparasitic medication and strict hygiene measures, such as frequent handwashing and washing bedding and clothing in hot water to prevent reinfection.

Childhood Respiratory and Allergic Conditions

Respiratory and allergic conditions are common in children and can range from mild to severe. These conditions affect the airways, lungs, and immune system, often leading to breathing difficulties, inflammation, or allergic reactions. Some conditions, like asthma and allergic rhinitis, are chronic and require long-term management, while others, such as croup and bronchitis, are often temporary but may require medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve a child’s quality of life.

Asthma

Asthma is a chronic condition that affects the airways, causing them to become inflamed and narrow, leading to difficulty breathing. Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness, which may worsen at night or with exercise. Triggers include allergens, respiratory infections, cold air, and physical activity. Treatment includes inhalers, medication, and avoiding known triggers.

Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)

Allergic rhinitis, commonly known as hay fever, is an allergic reaction to airborne allergens such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or mould. Symptoms include sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, itchy eyes, and coughing. It is managed by avoiding allergens, taking antihistamines, nasal sprays, and in some cases, immunotherapy.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by viral infections, allergies, or bacterial infections. Symptoms include nasal congestion, facial pain, headache, postnasal drip, and fever. Acute cases usually resolve on their own, while chronic sinusitis may require medical treatment such as nasal irrigation, decongestants, or antibiotics for bacterial infections.

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air to and from the lungs. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections and is characterised by a persistent cough, mucus production, wheezing, and chest discomfort. Most cases are viral and resolve with supportive care, including rest, hydration, and symptom relief, while bacterial bronchitis may require antibiotics.

Croup

Croup is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the upper airway, leading to a barking cough, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing. It primarily affects young children and is often caused by parainfluenza viruses. Mild cases can be managed at home with hydration and humidified air, but severe cases may require medical intervention, including steroids or breathing treatments.

Pneumonitis

Pneumonitis refers to inflammation of the lung tissue due to infections, allergens, irritants, or autoimmune diseases. Symptoms include coughing, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and fatigue. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve corticosteroids, antibiotics, or avoiding known triggers.

Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen such as food, insect stings, or medication. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat, hives, vomiting, and a drop in blood pressure. Immediate emergency treatment with an epinephrine injection is required, followed by medical observation.

Eosinophilic Oesophagitis

Eosinophilic oesophagitis is a chronic immune-mediated disorder where eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) build up in the oesophagus, causing inflammation. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, food impaction, vomiting, and chest pain. Treatment involves dietary changes, avoiding allergens, and medications such as corticosteroids or proton pump inhibitors to reduce inflammation.

Childhood Gastrointestinal Disorders

Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in children affect the digestive system and can range from mild to severe. These conditions can cause discomfort, pain, and issues with nutrient absorption, impacting a child’s overall health and growth. While some gastrointestinal disorders are temporary and resolve with simple treatments, others may require long-term management. Identifying symptoms early and seeking appropriate medical care can help prevent complications and ensure proper digestive health in children.

Constipation

Constipation is a common digestive issue in children, characterised by infrequent or difficult bowel movements. It can be caused by a low-fibre diet, dehydration, or lack of physical activity. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and hard stools. Increasing fibre intake, staying hydrated, and encouraging regular toilet habits can help relieve constipation. Severe cases may require laxatives under medical supervision.

Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea is the frequent passage of loose, watery stools, often caused by infections, food intolerance, or digestive disorders. It can lead to dehydration if not managed properly. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and excessive stooling. Treatment involves ensuring adequate hydration, maintaining a balanced diet, and, in some cases, using oral rehydration solutions to replace lost fluids.

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis, commonly known as the stomach flu, is an infection that causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is often caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and fever. The primary treatment is maintaining hydration and rest, while severe cases may require medical intervention to prevent dehydration.

Coeliac Disease

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the ingestion of gluten damages the small intestine. Symptoms include diarrhoea, bloating, weight loss, fatigue, and poor growth in children. The only effective treatment is a strict gluten-free diet, which helps alleviate symptoms and allows the intestines to heal.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic digestive disorder that affects the function of the intestines. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhoea, or constipation. The exact cause is unknown, but triggers may include stress, diet, and gut sensitivity. Managing IBS involves dietary changes, stress management, and medications to relieve symptoms.

Lactose Intolerance

Lactose intolerance occurs when the body lacks the enzyme lactase, which is needed to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products. Symptoms include bloating, diarrhoea, gas, and stomach cramps after consuming dairy. Management includes reducing lactose intake or using lactase enzyme supplements.

Food Allergies

Food allergies occur when the immune system reacts to specific foods, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, hives, swelling, or difficulty breathing. Common allergens include milk, eggs, nuts, and seafood. Managing food allergies involves avoiding trigger foods and having emergency medication, such as antihistamines or an epinephrine auto-injector, available.

Acid Reflux (GERD)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid flows back into the oesophagus, causing irritation. Symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, and chest discomfort. Treatment includes dietary changes, avoiding trigger foods, and in some cases, medications to reduce stomach acid production.

Childhood Neurological Disorders

Neurological disorders in children affect the brain, spinal cord, and nervous system, impacting motor skills, behaviour, cognition, and overall development. Some conditions are temporary and resolve with treatment, while others are chronic and require lifelong management. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial in improving outcomes and ensuring children receive the necessary support.

Epilepsy in Children

Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterised by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can vary in type and severity, ranging from brief lapses in attention to full-body convulsions. Treatment includes anti-epileptic medications, lifestyle adjustments, and in some cases, surgery or dietary therapy.

Febrile Seizures

Febrile seizures occur in young children in response to a high fever, typically between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. They can involve full-body convulsions or brief periods of unresponsiveness. While frightening, febrile seizures are usually harmless and do not indicate epilepsy. Managing fever with medication and hydration can help prevent them.

Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders affecting movement, muscle tone, and posture due to brain damage occurring before, during, or shortly after birth. Symptoms range from mild motor difficulties to severe physical impairments. Treatment includes physical therapy, medication, assistive devices, and in some cases, surgery to improve mobility and quality of life.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition that affects communication, social interaction, and behaviour. Symptoms vary widely and can include difficulty with speech, repetitive behaviours, and sensory sensitivities. Early intervention therapies, behavioural support, and educational programs help children develop skills and improve their quality of life.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects attention, impulse control, and activity levels. Children with ADHD may struggle with focus, organisation, and self-regulation. Treatment includes behavioural therapy, lifestyle adjustments, and, in some cases, medication to help manage symptoms and improve concentration.

Tourette Syndrome

Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder characterised by involuntary motor and vocal tics. Tics can range from mild to severe and may involve blinking, throat clearing, or sudden movements. While there is no cure, behavioural therapy, medications, and lifestyle modifications can help manage symptoms.

Migraine and Chronic Headaches

Migraines and chronic headaches are common in children and can be triggered by stress, dehydration, poor sleep, or certain foods. Symptoms include severe head pain, nausea, sensitivity to light, and dizziness. Treatment involves identifying triggers, lifestyle changes, pain relief medications, and relaxation techniques.

Childhood Skin Conditions

Skin conditions are common in children and can be caused by infections, allergies, genetic factors, or environmental triggers. These conditions can range from mild irritations to chronic disorders requiring long-term management. While some skin issues resolve on their own, others may require medical treatment to prevent complications and discomfort. Proper skincare, hygiene, and medical intervention when necessary can help manage and prevent childhood skin conditions.

Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes dry, itchy, and red patches on the skin. It is often triggered by allergens, irritants, weather changes, or stress. Treatment involves keeping the skin moisturised, avoiding known triggers, and using topical corticosteroids or antihistamines to reduce inflammation and itching.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin condition that causes red, scaly patches, commonly on the scalp, elbows, and knees. It results from an overactive immune response that speeds up skin cell production. While there is no cure, treatment includes topical creams, phototherapy, and medications to control symptoms and prevent flare-ups.

Acne

Acne is a common skin condition in children and adolescents, caused by clogged hair follicles due to excess oil, bacteria, and dead skin cells. Symptoms range from blackheads and whiteheads to inflamed pimples and cysts. Treatment includes proper skincare, over-the-counter acne medications, and in severe cases, prescription treatments such as retinoids or antibiotics.

Molluscum Contagiosum

Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that causes small, raised, pearly bumps on the skin. It spreads through direct skin contact or contaminated objects. The condition is usually harmless and resolves on its own within months, but treatment options include cryotherapy, topical creams, or minor procedures to remove lesions.

Hives (Urticaria)

Hives are red, itchy welts that appear suddenly on the skin due to allergic reactions, infections, or environmental triggers. They can last for a few hours to several days. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, taking antihistamines, and in severe cases, using corticosteroids or epinephrine for allergic reactions.

Cradle Cap (Seborrheic Dermatitis)

Cradle cap is a common scalp condition in infants, causing greasy, yellowish scales or crusts. It is not harmful and usually resolves on its own within a few months. Gentle washing with mild shampoo and using baby oil or medicated creams can help loosen and remove scales.

Heat Rash (Miliaria)

Heat rash occurs when sweat gets trapped in blocked pores, leading to red or clear blisters and itching. It is common in hot, humid weather and affects areas with friction, such as the neck, chest, and armpits. Treatment involves keeping the skin cool, wearing breathable clothing, and using calamine lotion or hydrocortisone cream for relief.

Warts (Verrucae)

Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and appear as small, rough growths on the skin. They are contagious and spread through direct contact. While warts often go away on their own, treatment options include salicylic acid, cryotherapy, or laser removal for persistent cases.

Childhood Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Conditions

Childhood eye, ear, nose, and throat conditions are common and can significantly impact a child’s daily life, including their ability to learn, communicate, and engage in activities. These conditions range from minor infections to more serious disorders requiring medical intervention. Early detection and treatment help prevent complications and improve long-term outcomes.

Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane covering the white part of the eye. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergens. Symptoms include redness, itching, excessive tearing, and discharge. Treatment depends on the cause, with bacterial cases requiring antibiotic eye drops and allergic conjunctivitis managed with antihistamines and avoiding triggers.

Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection)

Otitis media is a bacterial or viral infection of the middle ear, often occurring after a cold or respiratory infection. It causes ear pain, fever, irritability, and temporary hearing loss. While mild cases may resolve on their own, bacterial infections often require antibiotics. Pain relievers and warm compresses can help alleviate discomfort.

Otitis Externa (Swimmer’s Ear)

Otitis externa, or swimmer’s ear, is an infection of the outer ear canal, usually caused by bacteria or fungi due to prolonged moisture exposure. Symptoms include ear pain, itching, swelling, and discharge. Treatment involves keeping the ear dry and using antibiotic or antifungal ear drops.

Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. Symptoms include a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, swollen tonsils, fever, and bad breath. While viral cases resolve with supportive care, bacterial infections, such as strep throat, may require antibiotics. In severe or recurrent cases, a tonsillectomy may be considered.

Adenoiditis

Adenoiditis is the inflammation of the adenoids, which are located at the back of the nasal cavity. It is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections and can lead to nasal congestion, difficulty breathing through the nose, ear infections, and snoring. Treatment includes antibiotics for bacterial infections, and in persistent cases, surgical removal may be recommended.

Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)

Strabismus is a condition where the eyes do not align properly, causing one eye to turn inward, outward, upward, or downward. It can affect vision development and lead to amblyopia (lazy eye) if left untreated. Treatment options include vision therapy, corrective glasses, and, in some cases, surgery to realign the eye muscles.

Childhood Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Endocrine and metabolic disorders in children affect the body’s hormone production and metabolism, which are crucial for growth, energy regulation, and overall development. These conditions can result from genetic factors, autoimmune responses, or environmental influences. Early detection and appropriate management can help prevent complications and improve a child’s quality of life.

Type 1 Diabetes in Children

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This leads to high blood sugar levels, which require lifelong insulin therapy. Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and fatigue. Management includes insulin therapy, blood sugar monitoring, and a balanced diet.

Type 2 Diabetes in Children

Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough of it. While more common in adults, childhood obesity has increased its prevalence in children. Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, and in some cases, medication.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to slow metabolism. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and cold intolerance. In children, it can also affect growth and development. Treatment involves daily thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism results from excessive thyroid hormone production, which speeds up metabolism. Symptoms include weight loss, increased appetite, irritability, and rapid heartbeat. In children, it can lead to developmental issues. Treatment options include medication, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery, depending on severity.

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Growth hormone deficiency occurs when the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone, leading to slow growth and short stature. It can be caused by genetic factors or brain injuries. Treatment involves growth hormone therapy through regular injections to promote normal growth and development.

Childhood Blood and Immune System Disorders

Blood and immune system disorders in children can affect the body’s ability to produce healthy blood cells, clot properly, or fight infections. These conditions can be inherited or acquired and may require long-term medical management. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to improve outcomes and prevent complications.

Iron Deficiency Anaemia

Iron deficiency anaemia occurs when the body lacks enough iron to produce sufficient haemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport in the blood. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, weakness, and shortness of breath. It is commonly caused by inadequate dietary iron intake or chronic blood loss. Treatment involves iron supplementation and a diet rich in iron-rich foods such as meat, leafy greens, and fortified cereals.

Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder where red blood cells become rigid and shaped like crescents, leading to blockages in blood flow. Symptoms include severe pain episodes, anaemia, swelling in hands and feet, and increased susceptibility to infections. Treatment focuses on pain management, blood transfusions, and medications such as hydroxyurea to reduce complications.

Haemophilia

Haemophilia is a genetic disorder that impairs blood clotting due to the deficiency of clotting factors. It leads to excessive bleeding, easy bruising, and prolonged bleeding after injuries. Treatment involves clotting factor replacement therapy and preventive measures to reduce the risk of bleeding episodes.

Thalassaemia

Thalassaemia is an inherited blood disorder where the body produces abnormal haemoglobin, leading to anaemia. Symptoms vary in severity but can include fatigue, weakness, delayed growth, and an enlarged spleen. Treatment depends on the severity and may involve blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, and, in severe cases, bone marrow transplants.

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility. It can also affect the eyes and other organs. Treatment includes anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, and immunosuppressive drugs to manage symptoms and prevent long-term joint damage.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the body’s tissues, causing widespread inflammation and damage to the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs. Symptoms include fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes, and fever. Treatment involves immunosuppressive medications, corticosteroids, and lifestyle adjustments to manage flare-ups and prevent complications.

Developmental and Behavioural Disorders

Developmental and behavioural disorders affect a child’s ability to learn, communicate, and interact with others. These conditions vary in severity and may impact speech, cognitive skills, motor function, and social interactions. Early intervention, therapy, and educational support play a crucial role in helping children with these disorders reach their full potential.

Speech and Language Disorders

Speech and language disorders affect a child’s ability to communicate effectively. These disorders can involve difficulties with articulation, fluency, voice, or understanding and using language. Common conditions include speech delays, stuttering, and apraxia of speech. Treatment often involves speech therapy, early intervention, and parental support to improve communication skills.

Learning Disabilities (Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, etc.)

Learning disabilities are neurological conditions that affect a child’s ability to acquire and process information. Dyslexia impacts reading and writing skills, dyscalculia affects mathematical abilities, and dysgraphia impairs handwriting. These conditions are not related to intelligence but require tailored teaching strategies, specialised education plans, and support from educators and therapists.

Sensory Processing Disorder

Sensory processing disorder (SPD) occurs when the brain has difficulty receiving and responding to sensory information. Children with SPD may be overly sensitive to sounds, textures, lights, or movements, or they may struggle to process sensory input effectively. Symptoms include hypersensitivity, coordination challenges, and difficulty with self-regulation. Treatment involves occupational therapy and sensory integration techniques to help children adapt to their environment.

Genetic Disorders

Genetic disorders in children result from inherited or spontaneous genetic mutations that affect physical development, cognitive abilities, and overall health. These conditions can vary in severity and may require lifelong medical care and support. Early diagnosis and interventions, including therapy and medication, can help improve the quality of life for affected children.

Down Syndrome

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. It leads to developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, and distinctive physical features such as a flattened face and upward-slanting eyes. Children with Down syndrome may experience heart defects, hearing loss, and thyroid issues. Early intervention, speech and physical therapy, and medical monitoring can help manage the condition.

Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary condition that affects the lungs and digestive system due to thick mucus buildup. Symptoms include persistent cough, frequent lung infections, difficulty breathing, and poor growth. It is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which affects salt and fluid movement in the body. Treatment includes airway clearance therapy, medications, enzyme supplements, and a high-calorie diet to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that causes intellectual disabilities, behavioural challenges, and speech delays. It results from a mutation in the FMR1 gene, which affects brain development. Symptoms may include social anxiety, hyperactivity, sensory sensitivities, and repetitive behaviours. There is no cure, but early intervention, therapy, and educational support can help children develop essential skills and manage challenges.

Muscular Dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. The most common type, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, primarily affects boys and leads to difficulty walking, frequent falls, and muscle deterioration. Treatment focuses on physical therapy, medications, mobility aids, and, in some cases, surgery to improve movement and delay disease progression.

Childhood Health Challenges in South Africa

In South Africa, several illnesses, diseases, and conditions significantly impact children. The leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five years old include:

HIV/AIDS in Children

HIV/AIDS remains a significant contributor to child mortality, with many children infected perinatally or through breastfeeding. Efforts to reduce mother-to-child transmission through antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been essential in mitigating its impact.

Malnutrition

Malnutrition is a critical underlying factor that exacerbates other illnesses, making children more susceptible to infections and severe diseases. Proper nutrition is vital for growth and immune function, and initiatives promoting breastfeeding, food security, and nutritional supplementation are crucial.

Acute Respiratory Infections

Respiratory infections, including pneumonia, are among the leading causes of death in children under five. These infections are often linked to poor living conditions, air pollution, and lack of access to healthcare. Vaccinations and improved healthcare access help reduce their burden.

Diarrhoeal Diseases

Diarrhoeal diseases are prevalent due to inadequate sanitation and unsafe drinking water, leading to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Improving access to clean water, proper sanitation, and oral rehydration therapy are key interventions.

Neonatal Conditions

Neonatal conditions such as preterm birth complications and birth asphyxia are significant contributors to infant mortality. Strengthening maternal and neonatal healthcare services, including skilled birth attendance and neonatal intensive care, is vital in reducing mortality rates.

Tuberculosis (TB)

TB is a leading cause of mortality among children aged 1 to 4 years, particularly in those with compromised immune systems. Early detection, vaccination (BCG vaccine), and access to effective TB treatment are crucial in addressing this issue.

Malaria

Although malaria is not prevalent throughout South Africa, it poses a serious risk in certain regions. Prompt diagnosis, the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and access to antimalarial treatment are essential to preventing severe illness and death in children.

Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease found in some areas, affecting children’s growth and cognitive development. Improved sanitation, safe water access, and mass deworming programmes help control the disease.

Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis

Parasitic worm infections, such as hookworm and roundworm, contribute to malnutrition, anaemia, and impaired growth and development. Routine deworming programmes and improved hygiene practices are key prevention strategies.

Vaccine-Preventable Diseases

Diseases such as measles and pertussis continue to affect children, especially in areas with low immunisation coverage. Strengthening immunisation programmes and ensuring widespread vaccine access are critical in preventing outbreaks.

Disclaimer

The information provided in this Childhood Illnesses Glossary is for informational and educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. While we aim to offer accurate and up-to-date information, medical knowledge and guidelines may change over time.

If your child is unwell, showing symptoms of any illness, or you have concerns about their health, please seek immediate guidance from a qualified healthcare provider, paediatrician, or medical professional.

We do not assume responsibility for any decisions made based on the information in this glossary. Always consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment tailored to your child’s specific needs.

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