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Could It Be an Ectopic Pregnancy? 7 Warning Signs Every Woman Needs to Know
Miscarriage & Baby LossInfertilityMembers-Only

Premium Could It Be an Ectopic Pregnancy? 7 Warning Signs Every Woman Needs to Know

by Ally Cohen, Content Creator and Digital Marketer
written by Ally Cohen, Content Creator and Digital Marketer

Not all pregnancy pains are normal and in some cases, they could signal something far more serious. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilised egg implants outside the womb, often in a fallopian tube, and it can become life-threatening if not caught early. The symptoms can be subtle or easily confused with typical early pregnancy signs, which is why awareness is so crucial. From sharp pelvic pain to unusual bleeding, knowing what to look out for could save your life. Think you know the signs? You might be surprised by what’s on the list and why quick action matters.

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Developmental Dysplasia of the Hips (DDH) in babies: causes & treatment
BabiesBaby HealthExperts

Expert Developmental Dysplasia of the Hips (DDH) in babies: causes and treatment

by Dr Maraschin, expert paediatrician
written by Dr Maraschin, expert paediatrician

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hips (DDH) in babies is a condition where the hip joint doesn’t form properly, potentially leading to issues with movement as the child grows. Early diagnosis is crucial to ensure effective treatment and long-term mobility. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help parents feel more confident in managing this condition. written by Dr Maraschin, expert paediatrician.

Have you ever wondered what the doctor is up to when he or she lies your baby on its back and makes little circles with the legs or flicks the little legs out to the side? This is actually a very important check to ensure that your baby’s hips are stable and your baby isn’t suffering from a condition known as Developmental Dysplasia of the hips (DDH). You may also have heard the condition referred to as “hip dysplasia”.

Left unchecked, this condition will lead to trouble in the teenage years starting with groin pain and then developing into more serious conditions such as osteoarthritis or a hip labral tear.

While babies are usually born with this condition, there are things which caregivers can do that could cause or make the condition worse. The way a baby is carried, allowed to sleep or wrapped can cause strain on the hip joint, especially if the legs are kept straight and stiff or left hanging.

YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE: When should I give my baby water to drink?

What is Developmental Dysplasia of the Hips (DDH)?

Let’s begin with understanding how the hip joint works: At the top of the thigh bone is a ball (the femoral head). This fits into the socket part of the pelvic bone (the acetabulum) and is able to move around in all directions, giving movement to the legs and supporting the body for all sorts of activities like walking, crawling, climbing and running. The important thing is that the ball always needs to stay inside the socket.

In the case of DDH, the socket may be too shallow to cover the ball of the thighbone completely. This allows the thigh bone to slide in and out of the socket. In severe cases, the ball comes completely out of the socket and dislocates. In minor cases, there may just be minor looseness in one or both of the baby’s hip joints.

It is not hard to imagine that a child’s development will be affected by this condition because the little legs won’t be stable enough for baby to bare weight and this will affect physical development.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hips (DDH) in babies: causes and treatment

What causes Developmental Dysplasia of the hips (DDH)?

As with many conditions, the exact cause of DDH isn’t known.

In utero:

What we do know is that while baby is in the womb, the hip joint consists of very soft cartilage. The ball and socket need to fit tightly together so that they can mould one another. If this doesn’t happen then the socket won’t form fully around the ball and the socket becomes shallow.

If a baby has limited space in the womb the ball may move out of position and not have space to move back in, causing the shallowing of the socket. The limited space may be due to a large baby, twin pregnancy or a first baby where mommy’s womb is small.

ALSO READ: These are the developmental milestones your child should meet between birth and 24 months

DDH is more common in:

  • Babies born breech. This means that the baby doesn’t turn to allow the head to engage. When this happens, the baby often ends up with one or both legs extended in a partially straight position rather than folded in a foetal position. Unfortunately, this position can prevent a growing baby’s hip socket from developing properly.
  • Where there is a family history of DDH.
  • Baby girls. Girls are four times more likely than boys to have DDH.

After birth:

As mentioned in the introduction, DDH can also be caused or made worse in babies by the way the baby is carried, allowed to sleep or wrapped.

What signs or symptoms indicate that my baby has DDH?

After birth and at the first couple of developmental checks, the doctor will perform two tests. The first is called a Barlow test: this involves making little circles with the baby’s legs while in a frog-like position. The doctor will be feeling for and listening out for any clicks. The second is the Ortolani test where the doctor will flick the little legs to ensure that the ball doesn’t come out of the socket. Both tests are completely painless but very important.

As parents you can also look out for certain signs of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hips such as:

  • The skin folds under your baby’s bottom or on the thighs not lining up.
  • One leg being shorter than the other.
  • A difference in the way one leg or hip moves when compared to the other.
  • A popping or clicking sound in the hips.
  • If there is a dislocation on one side of the body, that leg may turn outwards.
  • Baby may appear to have a larger space between the legs than normal.
  • Your child developing a limp once he or she starts walking.

How is DDH treated?

There are various treatment methods depending on the severity of the condition. If your healthcare provider is concerned about your baby’s hips then the baby will usually be referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for further assessment. Depending on the findings and the age of your baby, there are various treatment options for DDH:

  1. Observation If baby is under 3 months of age and the hips are relatively stable, then the doctor may opt to observe the baby. Since the soft cartilage slowly hardens and becomes hard bone there is a good chance that the joint will correct itself.
  2. Pavlik Harness This is a soft harness and is used in babies under the age of 4 months. The baby will generally wear the harness for 24 hours a day for about 12 weeks. The harness holds the hips in the correct position while allowing the legs to move freely. Most babies respond very well to this treatment.
  3. Abduction Brace If the Pavlik harness fails then an Abduction Brace, made from a lightweight material that supports the hips and pelvis is used. This is generally worn for 8 to 12 weeks. [https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/d/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip/hip-dysplasia-in-babies]
  4. Surgical options If both braces fail to stabilise the hips then the orthopaedic surgeon may need to perform surgery. Surgery may also be required in older children as the cartilage would have turned to hard bone and surgery may be the only way to position the bones correctly.

developmental dysplasia of the hips in baby ddh: child running outdoors in a garden

How can we prevent our baby developing DDH?

If your baby develops this condition while still in the womb, there is nothing you can do to prevent it. After birth, however, we need to take care with swaddling, carrying and sleeping positions.

  1. Swaddling When wrapping your newborn you can wrap their arms and torso snugly but avoid wrapping baby’s legs in a straight position. This may interfere with the healthy development of the joint. Instead of being kept straight, your baby’s legs should be able to fold up into a “frog position”. Your baby must be able to move the legs upwards and out to the side at all times.
  2. Carrying Whether you are carrying your baby or wearing baby in a sling, the legs should always be out to the side in a “frog position”. The baby should be supported under its bottom. Try never to allow the legs to point straight downwards or lie together across your body.
  3. Sleeping position Your baby may favour one side of the head for sleeping but having the head in the same position for extended periods of time will affect the position of the hips as well. Try turning your baby’s head to the other side regularly. This will also ensure that baby doesn’t develop a flattened area on one side of the head.

 READ NEXT: This is why toddlers have tantrums, how to avoid them & discipline techniques

Conclusion

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hips is a condition which generally responds very well to treatment. Depending on the age at which your baby gets treated, your baby will most likely start walking at the normal age. Children with untreated Developmental Dysplasia of the Hips often start walking late and typically have a limp. Parents and caregivers play a very big role in helping those little joints to develop so that the wonderful milestones like crawling, walking and running are achieved without complication. Allowing good movement of those little legs in the early stages of life is key to the gift of movement later on.

References

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Mammography - science, tech and breast cancer
Health & WellnessYour Health

Mammography – science, tech and breast cancer

by BabyYumYum (Supplied)
written by BabyYumYum (Supplied)

In a world that is rapidly embracing artificial intelligence (AI), the breast health sector is no exception. Image interpretation is just one of the areas where AI has been at the forefront of computerisation, and the prime target for its computerised analysis is mammography (which is essentially a two-dimensional image with only shades between black and white).

Mammography is the ‘gold standard’ for early detection, and in a major clinical trial published in ‘The Lancet Oncology’ in August 2023, it was shown that AI-enhanced mammography interpretation is at least as good as human interpretation. The results of the study looking at AI-supported versus standard human double-reading of screening mammograms in 80,000 women showed that there was a trend towards more cancers being detected in the AI-enhanced group versus the human readers while there was no difference in the number of false positives. 

This is a major breakthrough. 

“In screening mammography, there are two major problems,” says Dr Justus Apffelstaedt, a surgeon with a special interest in breast health. “One is, obviously, the risk of missing a breast cancer. The second is the false positive. This is where a patient is told to come back for reassessment in 6 months or where a biopsy is performed, and the lesion is found to be benign. For the last couple of months, we have been working with the latest generation of AI-enhanced mammography interpretation. The difference is remarkable in that prior systems had way too many false positives while, on the other hand, missed some subtle cancers. The AI-assisted mammography not only improves time efficiency but also the accuracy of mammography interpretation.”

A recipient of early diagnosis is Goethe du Plooy, who at the age of 33 was diagnosed with Stage 2 breast cancer in the left breast. “My grandmother was diagnosed with breast cancer at 80 years old and has been in remission for over 10 years. So, whilst I always had it in the back of my mind that I should get checked, I never really did. Towards the end of October 2023, I noticed a noticeable lump, but as I went through surgery and treatment, I realized I had overlooked some early signs like “ripply” skin and a bit of discharge from my nipple.”

“As Goethe is considered young for a breast cancer diagnosis, we explained what the benefits of the genetic testing would be for her treatment plan,” says Dr Fatima Hoosain, who is the specialist surgeon that treated du Plooy. “Her results were negative, meaning that she did not carry the BRCA gene and therefore the treatment plan could be a unilateral mastectomy. Goethe opted for the skin, nipple and areola-sparing bilateral mastectomy with reconstruction. After surgery, testing showed that the tumour was a grade 3, so chemotherapy was then suggested to kill any floating cancer cells, as an “insurance” against recurrence.” 

“I believe it’s crucial for all women, regardless of age or family history of cancer, to go for annual screenings,” says du Plooy. “Early detection can make a significant difference. If you notice even the slightest lump or change, it’s important to get it checked out right away. It’s always better to be certain that it’s nothing than to face a later diagnosis.”

Theresa Barnes (63) was diagnosed with Stage 3 breast cancer in November 2020. “I had an ultrasound but unfortunately this took a while to get an appointment because I first became aware of the lump in October, which is breast cancer awareness month, and I had to call many radiologists to get an appointment for the ultrasound and the biopsy.  I did this on my own without the supervision of a doctor, so was referred to Dr Hoosain post my biopsy.  I wish I had gone to Dr Hoosain first. Once I was in the care of Dr Pienaar (Oncologist) and Dr Hoosain (Surgeon) the treatment plan was to start 4 sessions of ‘Red Devil’ chemo in November 2020, followed by 12 sessions of another chemo.  Followed by a mastectomy of my right breast and a reconstruction in July 2021.  Then I had 15 sessions of radiation and 1 year of Herceptin, which is a biological agent that is different to chemo. I have the utmost gratitude for the doctors on my team because I always felt that they had my back.”

“Science has brought us biological agents,” says Dr. Hoosain. “Unlike traditional chemotherapy, these are made from living cells and include antibodies that target cancer cells or boost the immune system. They are highly effective with fewer side effects but can only be used if a tumour expresses a specific characteristic, making them unsuitable for all breast cancers. While these advancements are a breakthrough in cancer treatment, biologics are costly. Newer drugs in this class are either unavailable in South Africa or expensive, and many medical aids don’t cover them yet.”

Research in breast cancer treatments is ongoing. As one of the most diagnosed cancers in the world, there is a global focus on continuing research to find treatments that allow those diagnosed to lead a normal life.  If found early, breast cancer has become a curable disease.

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Male sterilisation (vasectomy) is one of only two modern contraceptive methods for men. Like female sterilisation (tubectomy), vasectomies are a safe and highly effective permanent method of contraception.
Health & WellnessYour Health

Understanding Vasectomies

by Tshepy Matloga-Malope, seasoned media and communications specialist
written by Tshepy Matloga-Malope, seasoned media and communications specialist

Male sterilisation (vasectomy) is one of only two modern contraceptive methods for men. Like female sterilisation (tubectomy), vasectomies are a safe and highly effective permanent method of contraception. This simple and safe surgical procedure offers a permanent solution for men who have decided they do not want any more children. Written by Tshepy Matloga-Malope.

According to recent data from the South African Medical Journal, vasectomy is increasingly being recognised as a viable option for family planning. However, it is still less common compared to female sterilisation methods. In 2023, it was reported that approximately 1% of South African men aged 15-49 had undergone a vasectomy. This low percentage reflects a broader global trend where vasectomy rates are generally lower in developing countries compared to developed nations.

What is a vasectomy?

A vasectomy involves cutting and sealing the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra. This prevents sperm from mixing with the semen that is ejaculated from the penis during sexual intercourse. While the procedure does not affect the production of male hormones or the ability to enjoy sex, it renders a man sterile, meaning he cannot father a child. The procedure is typically performed in a hospital or a doctor’s surgery under local anaesthesia and takes about 15 minutes. The surgeon makes a small incision in the scrotum, locates the vas deferens, cuts and ties them off, then closes the incision with dissolvable stitches.

What are the benefits of vasectomy?

Effectiveness: Vasectomy is over 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.

Permanence: Once done, it provides a lifelong solution to birth control.

Simplicity: It is a relatively simple and quick procedure with a short recovery time.

Cost-Effective: Over time, it is more cost-effective than other forms of contraception.

Potential Risks, Complications, and Long-Term Health Effects

Dr. Mulalo Radzuma, urologist at Dr. Geroge Mukhari Academic Hospital, says that while vasectomy procedures are associated with low rates of complications, they can still occur. The majority of patients resume their normal activities immediately after the procedure is performed. One can experience early or late complications following this procedure.

Early Complications:

  1. Hematoma: A hematoma is a localised collection of blood, usually forming within 30 minutes post-surgery due to arterial or venous spasm caused by handling the vas deferens. This spasm generally relaxes spontaneously later.
  2. Infections: Infections can occur at the wound site, in the vas deferens, or the epididymis. These infections are typically treated with a course of antibiotics.

Late Complications:

Sperm Granuloma: Sperm granuloma is a localised collection of sperm due to leakage around the vasectomy site. It can cause excruciating pain, and if severe and persistent, it may require surgical excision.

Typical Recovery Process and Resumption of Normal Activities

  1. Immediate Post-Procedure Care: Patients typically go home immediately after the surgery. They are advised to use ice packs, take pain medication, and may need to wear a jockstrap for a few days to provide support and reduce swelling.
  2. Rest and Activity: Patients should rest at home the day after the vasectomy and avoid any strenuous activities. Depending on the nature of their work, most patients can return to work within 1 to 3 days post-surgery.
  3. Sexual Activity: Patients can usually resume sexual activity about a week after the procedure. However, until a semen analysis confirms the absence of sperm (typically around three months post-surgery), they should use condoms as a method of birth control.

Recent Advancements in Vasectomy Techniques and Trends in Popularity

Dr. Radzuma highlights two primary types of vasectomy:

  1. Conventional Vasectomy: The urologist cuts out a segment of the vas deferens and ties both ends.
  2. No-Scalpel Vasectomy with Intraluminal Cauterization and Fascial Interposition: This technique is quicker, less invasive, cheaper, and offers better healing outcomes compared to the conventional method.

Advice for Someone Considering a Vasectomy and Legal/Ethical Considerations

  1. Communication with Partners: It is crucial for individuals to communicate with their partners and understand that vasectomy should be considered a permanent solution. It is not a tool to save a failing marriage.
  2. Reversibility: Although vasectomy is considered permanent, it is important to note that 5-10% of men who undergo the procedure may later desire a reversal. However, vasectomy reversals are complicated and not always successful.
  3. Legal and Ethical Considerations: Both partners should agree on the decision, understanding the permanent nature of the procedure. It is essential to consult with a healthcare provider to discuss the benefits, risks, and whether it is the right choice.

Aftercare During Recovery 

Post-Procedure Care:

  • Resting: Take it easy for the first few days to minimise swelling and discomfort.
  • Supportive Underwear: Wearing supportive underwear helps to support the scrotum and reduce swelling.
  • Avoiding Heavy Lifting: Refrain from strenuous activities for at least a week.
  • Using Ice Packs: Applying ice packs can help reduce swelling and pain.

Follow-Up Appointments:

Attend follow-up appointments to ensure proper healing and to check for the absence of sperm in the semen.

The Costs of Vasectomy in South Africa

The cost of a vasectomy in South Africa varies depending on several factors, including the facility and the region. On average, the procedure can cost between R4 000 and R15 000. Medical aids may cover the procedure, so it’s advisable to check with your insurance provider. Public health facilities also offer the service for free.

Common myths and facts

Myth: Vasectomy affects sexual performance.

Fact: Vasectomy does not affect sexual drive, performance, or sensation. It only prevents sperm from being released.

Myth: Vasectomy increases the risk of prostate cancer.

Fact: Studies have shown that there is no link between vasectomy and an increased risk of prostate cancer.

Myth: Vasectomy is irreversible.

Fact: While vasectomy should be considered permanent, reversal is possible. However, it is complicated and not always successful.

In Conclusion

Vasectomy is a safe, effective, and permanent method of contraception for men who are certain they do not want more children. In South Africa, it is becoming a more recognised option, though still not as common as female sterilization. With various clinics and hospitals offering the procedure and costs being relatively affordable, vasectomy is a viable option for many men looking for a long-term solution to birth control.

If you are considering a vasectomy, it is essential to have a detailed discussion with your healthcare provider to understand the benefits, risks, and whether it is the right choice for you. With the right information and professional guidance, you can make an informed decision about your reproductive health.

ALSO READ: All you need to know about prostate cancer

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When a younger woman is diagnosed with breast cancer, the conversation will inevitably include fertility.
ExpertsFertility & TreatmentsHealth & WellnessInfertilityYour Health

Expert Breast cancer, fertility and pregnancy

by Dr Justus Apffelstaedt, specialist surgeon with a particular interest in breast, thyroid and parathyroid health management,
written by Dr Justus Apffelstaedt, specialist surgeon with a particular interest in breast, thyroid and parathyroid health management,

When a younger woman is diagnosed with breast cancer, the conversation will inevitably include fertility. Here’s all you need to know. By BYY expert, Dr Justus Apffelstaedt, specialist surgeon.

More women are postponing childbearing until they have finished tertiary education, are established in their careers, and have formed stable relationships. For women who have not yet finished family planning, a breast cancer diagnosis has profound implications on their ability to have a child.

As regular mammographic screening is recommended only from the age of 40 upwards (unless there is a history of breast cancer in your family), younger female patients’ cancer is usually detected clinically (a lump in the breast) and likely to be at a more advanced stage than screen-detected cancer. 

While breast cancer itself does not have any known effect on fertility, the treatment of it does.

Some of the implications and important factors that women should be aware of when undergoing treatment and wanting to fall pregnant are outlined below.

ALSO READ: The infertility blues

  1. Hormones

As many breast cancers are stimulated in their growth by oestrogen, several treatments reduce oestrogen levels or block the effect of oestrogen in target tissues. One of the most common medications prescribed for premenopausal women suppresses ovarian sex hormone production. When on these medications, women are in an artificial menopausal state and therefore infertile.  

Other treatments modulate the effect oestrogen has on breast tissue by binding to the oestrogen receptor in breast tissue and blocking it. The most prominent in this group – Tamoxifen – does not make women infertile but has strong teratogenic effects, i.e. if women get pregnant while on Tamoxifen, the chance of having a misformed baby are high and these women should practice effective contraception. This is particularly important, as Tamoxifen is routinely given for 5 years and in many cases for 10 years.

  1. Chemotherapy

A side effect of chemotherapy is that it decreases ovarian function permanently. This means, that with advancing age, more and more women are permanently postmenopausal after completion of chemotherapy.

As a rough rule of thumb, chemotherapy for breast cancer ages ovaries by about 10 years. In practice, this means that almost all women aged 40 and older will experience early menopause after chemotherapy and women before that age will experience decreased fertility.

While chemotherapy is also teratogenic, this only holds true for the first trimester of pregnancy; thereafter it can be given safely. Care must be taken, however, to avoid undergoing chemotherapy near the birth as the risk of post-partum sepsis in chemotherapy is very high.

  1. Bisphosphonates and Biologicals

For both groups of medication, there is very little information available. It seems that both do not have a significant effect on fertility but must not be given during pregnancy. Bisphosphonates such as Zoledronate have an anti-angiogenic effect (i.e. they prevent formation of new blood vessels). Angiogenesis is understandably an essential process in the intra-uterine growth and development of the baby. Biologicals such as Trastuzumab have significant cardiotoxicity; i.e. make it more difficult for the heart to cope with the increased load during pregnancy.

  1. Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy is part of many treatment plans for primary breast cancer; it is obviously highly teratogenic and cannot be given during pregnancy; at other times, it is relatively safe and does not influence ovarian function unless the ovaries are in the radiation field such as in radiation for pelvic bone metastases.

CHECK OUT: 5 authentic breast cancer stories

For women who have not yet finished family planning, a breast cancer diagnosis has profound implications on their ability to have a child
  1. Surgery

Breast surgery does not influence fertility. However, the associated general anaesthetic is known to lead to a spontaneous miscarriage in about 1 in 200 to 300 pregnant women. 

As can be seen, all breast cancer treatments aside from surgery have the potential to lead to deformities in the child and miscarriages or significantly reduce fertility. Discussions pre-treatments are vital and fertility management options such as egg or embryo freezing are strongly recommended.

If a pregnancy does occur during active treatment, this requires a multi-disciplinary evaluation of mother and baby and very complex decisions regarding further treatment or continuing the pregnancy. 

We suggest that every younger woman given a breast cancer diagnosis asks the questions below:

  • Could treatment increase the risk of, or cause, infertility? Could treatment make it difficult to become pregnant or carry a pregnancy in the future?
  • Are there other recommended cancer treatments that might not cause fertility problems?
  • Which fertility option(s) there are?
  • What fertility preservation options are available at this hospital? At a fertility clinic?
  • Would you recommend a fertility specialist (such as a reproductive endocrinologist) who I could talk with to learn more?
  • Is birth control recommended?
  • After treatment, what are the chances that my fertility will return? How long might it take for my fertility to return?

ALSO READ: What is secondary fertility?

ALSO VISIT: 3 steps for breast health

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An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilised egg implants and grows outside the uterus, most commonly within the fallopian tubes.
Health & WellnessMiscarriage & Baby LossYour Health

What is an Ectopic Pregnancy?

by Tshepy Matloga-Malope, seasoned media and communications specialist
written by Tshepy Matloga-Malope, seasoned media and communications specialist

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilised egg implants and grows outside the uterus, most commonly within the fallopian tubes. By Tshepy Matloga-Malope.

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Ectopic Pregnancy is a cause of morbidity and mortality word wide—in other words, it can be a life threatening condition in women of childbearing age.

This abnormal implantation of an egg can lead to complications as a pregnancy progresses. According to research, in 93% of cases, the ectopic pregnancy is located in the fallopian tube, and sometimes the ectopic pregnancy occurs in the pelvic or abdominal cavity. Very rarely it occurs in the cervix, and less-reported sites are the ovaries and broad ligaments.

This abnormal localisation of pregnancy can be a life-threatening obstetrical condition found in women of reproductive age, and it is a leading cause of maternal death if rupture occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy.

In South Africa, EP was reported to occur in 11 out of every 1000 reported pregnancies, and the mortality rate was estimated at 2.0%.

Causes & risk factors of an ectopic pregnancy:

According to Dr. Fhulufhelo Tshivhula, an experienced obstetrician and gynaecologist at Dr. F. Tshivhula Practice in Polokwane, the primary cause of an ectopic pregnancy is usually a structural abnormality in the fallopian tubes that hinders the fertilised egg from reaching the uterus. Other risk factors include:

  1. Previous tubal surgery
  2. Infertility
  3. Previous genital infection (e.g. pelvic inflammatory disease)
  4. Previous miscarriage and induced abortion
  5. Past and current smoker
  6. women over 40 years
  7. Intrauterine device use for more than two years
  8. Sterilisation
  9. Previous ectopic pregnancy
  10. Sexual promiscuity

“Being aware of these risk factors and seeking early prenatal care can help in the timely diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancies,” said Dr. Tshivhula who emphasises the importance of recognising these symptoms early on and seeking prompt medical attention to prevent further complications.

Symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy:

  • The typical triad of symptoms includes amenorrhoea (missed periods), vaginal bleeding and abdominal pains.
  • The clinical presentation can easily be confused with a miscarriage.
  • Other symptoms fainting, dizziness and weakness.

Check out: Myths about miscarriages

Diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy:

The diagnostic process involves a combination of tests, including blood tests to check for pregnancy hormones, ultrasound scans to detect the location of the pregnancy, and physical examinations to assess the patient’s symptoms.

During the gynaecological examination, the doctor will feel that the uterus is softer and possibly slightly larger than normal, but smaller than for the anticipated duration of the pregnancy. The cervix is often tender when moved, and there may be a palpable mass around the left or right fallopian tube.

“The pregnancy test in the urine or in the blood may be positive. An ultrasound examination will show an empty uterus. This strongly suggests an ectopic pregnancy,” said Dr. Tshivhula.

Could It Be an Ectopic Pregnancy? 7 Warning Signs Every Woman Needs to Know`

Treatment for an ectopic pregnancy:

Once an ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed, the treatment depends on various factors, such as the stage of pregnancy and the patient’s overall health.

An emergency laparotomy is the main treatment. Even if an ectopic pregnancy is discovered prior to rupture, surgery, often, a laparoscopy—is still required for treatment. The embryo and the tissues around it are removed, the tube is opened, and any bleeding is stopped with sutures or cauterisation.

The damaged tube can be completely removed laparoscopically if necessary. The benefit of this kind of endoscopic surgery is that the patient can be released from the hospital sooner and heal more quickly than with a traditional abdominal incision. In most cases, the pregnancy cannot be salvaged and needs to be removed to prevent life-threatening complications for the mother.

An ectopic pregnancy is a serious medical condition that requires immediate attention. Understanding the causes, recognising the symptoms, early diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are crucial aspects of managing this condition effectively. Left untreated, ectopic pregnancy can be fatal due to intra-abdominal haemorrhage. Please also seek counselling or psychological assistance if this happens to you as this can be a very traumatising experience that includes the loss of a pregnancy.

Also read: The infertility blues and What is a Rainbow Baby? Understanding the Meaning and Significance

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Princess of Wales, Catherine, stomach cancer
Health & WellnessIn The NewsYour Health

Royal shock: Kate’s cancer news

by Ally Cohen, Content Creator and Digital Marketer
written by Ally Cohen, Content Creator and Digital Marketer

Understanding cancer requires delving into its intricate biology and the various factors contributing to its development. This disease can manifest in various forms across different parts of the body, each presenting its own set of challenges and considerations.

Navigating the complexity of cancer: insights into general cancer diagnosis

Here, we explore the general aspects of cancer diagnosis and the broader implications it holds for individuals and their families.

The path to diagnosis

The journey to a cancer diagnosis often begins with the identification of symptoms or abnormalities that prompt further investigation. These may include unexplained weight loss, persistent fatigue, changes in bowel or bladder habits, or the presence of lumps or growths. Upon noticing such signs, individuals are encouraged to seek prompt medical attention for evaluation and diagnosis.

Diagnostic procedures

Diagnostic procedures play a crucial role in confirming or ruling out the presence of cancer. These may include:

  • Imaging Tests: Techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans allow healthcare professionals to visualize internal structures and identify any abnormalities.
  • Biopsy: This procedure involves the removal of a small sample of tissue or cells for examination under a microscope. Biopsies help determine whether cancerous cells are present and provide valuable information about the type and stage of cancer.
  • Blood Tests: Certain blood tests, such as tumor marker tests, measure specific substances in the blood that may indicate the presence of cancer.

Types of cancer and treatment options

Cancer can affect virtually any part of the body, giving rise to numerous types and subtypes. Common types of cancer include breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and skin cancer, among others. Each type may require a tailored approach to treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these modalities.

Impact on patients and families

A cancer diagnosis can have profound emotional, psychological, and financial implications for patients and their families. Coping with the diagnosis, undergoing treatment, and managing side effects can be incredibly challenging. Additionally, the uncertainty surrounding prognosis and the fear of recurrence may contribute to feelings of anxiety and distress. It’s essential for patients to have a strong support network of healthcare professionals, family members, and friends to navigate this difficult journey.

The importance of early detection and prevention

Early detection plays a crucial role in improving cancer outcomes and increasing the likelihood of successful treatment. Regular screenings, self-examinations, and lifestyle modifications can help detect cancer at an early stage when treatment is most effective. Additionally, adopting healthy habits such as maintaining a balanced diet, staying physically active, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and practicing sun safety can reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Kate Middleton cancer diagnosis: how the princess is one of the growing number of young people getting cancer

The timeline of Princess Kate’s diagnosis

Background & diagnosis

Princess Kate underwent a significant abdominal surgery in January, initially believed to be unrelated to cancer. However, subsequent tests revealed the presence of cancer, though the specific type and stage remain undisclosed. She has since commenced preventive chemotherapy to address the condition.

Emotional impact 

The period following Princess Kate’s diagnosis has undoubtedly been challenging for her and her family. Coping with such news requires immense strength and resilience. However, amidst the difficulties, she maintains a positive outlook and focuses on her healing journey, demonstrating her unwavering determination. She also expressed encouragement for other people currently battling cancer, reminding them that they are not alone.

Treatment & prognosis

Princess Kate’s medical team recommended a course of preventive chemotherapy to inhibit cancer cell growth. Chemotherapy involves the administration of medications to target and destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells. The duration and intensity of her treatment will depend on her response and medical advice.

Raising awareness & early detection

Princess Kate’s diagnosis has served as a catalyst for raising awareness about cancer, emphasising the importance of early detection and regular health check-ups. By sharing her journey, she encourages others, especially young mothers, to prioritise their health and seek medical attention promptly.

Advocating well-being

As Princess Kate navigates her cancer treatment, her experience underscores the significance of advocating for health and well-being. By openly discussing her diagnosis and treatment, she helps break down stigmas surrounding illness and fosters a supportive environment for those facing similar challenges.

Community support & solidarity

The outpouring of support from the public following Princess Kate’s diagnosis highlights the importance of community in times of adversity. By coming together to offer encouragement and assistance, we can make a meaningful difference in the lives of those affected by illness.

In conclusion, cancer is a complex condition that can affect people of all ages and walks of life, including royals. By being vulnerable and openly sharing her story, The Princess inspires hope and resilience in the face of adversity.

Also read What you need to know about 2 of the rarest breast cancers

 

Sources:  What we know about the Princess of Wales’s cancer diagnosis. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/22/princess-of-wales-cancer-unspecified-what-we-know-kate-middleton. (2) Kate Middleton’s Abdominal Surgery To Cancer Diagnosis: Full Recap. https://www.ndtv.com/feature/kate-middletons-abdominal-surgery-to-cancer-diagnosis-full-recap-5295436. (3) Kate Middleton cancer diagnosis: Princess of Wales’ statement in full …. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/kate-middleton-cancer-statement-full-b2517234.html. (4) Kate Middleton Undergoing Cancer Treatment, She Says – TODAY. https://www.today.com/health/kate-middleton-cancer-rcna144691. (5) Princess Kate having preventative chemotherapy after cancer discovered …. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-23/kate-middleton-diagnosed-with-cancer-princess-of-wales/103623428

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Visual representation of gut health, featuring a stylized and abstract interpretation of the digestive system, with vibrant colors and swirling patterns symbolizing the harmony and balance within the gut microbiota, evoking a sense of vitality and well-being. colorectal cancer
ExpertsHealth & WellnessYour Health

Expert Understanding colorectal cancer

by Tshepy Matloga-Malope, seasoned media and communications specialist
written by Tshepy Matloga-Malope, seasoned media and communications specialist

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Unfortunately colon cancer has a stigma attached to it and for this reason, many people may wait longer to get diagnosed. But the earlier it’s treated, the greater the chance of recovery. Tshepy Matloga-Malope gives us the facts.

What is colon cancer?

Colon cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is a type of cancer that begins in the large intestine (colon) or the rectum. Although it is often associated with men, it can affect women too. According to CANSA, colorectal or colon cancer is among the top three cancers for both men and women in South Africa, with 1 in 77 males and 1 in 132 females diagnosed, according to the National Cancer Register (2019).

It’s the second most common cancer in men (following prostate cancer) and the third most common cancer in women (following breast and cervical cancer).

An estimated 6,927 new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed in South Africa in 2018, which was about 6.5% of all cancers. More men (7.3% of all cancers) than women (5.7% of all cancers) were diagnosed with colorectal cancer in this same year.

Causes of colon cancer

The exact cause of colon cancer is not clearly understood, but several factors can increase the risk of developing this condition. “These risk factors can include a family history of colon cancer, inherited genetic mutations, a personal history of polyps or inflammatory bowel disease, a diet high in red and processed meats, a lack of fibre in the diet, obesity, smoking, heavy alcohol use, and a sedentary lifestyle.

Additionally, age, with the risk increasing after the age of 50, is a significant factor in the development of colon cancer,” says  Dr. Melvin Mbao, a renowned gastroenterologist at Gastroenterology Rustenburg. However, there is evidence of many younger individuals being diagnosed with colorectal cancer.

Find out about: Two rare breast cancers

Symptoms to look out for:

Colon cancer symptoms can vary, but they often include:

  • a persistent change in bowel habits, such as diarrhoea or constipation, blood in the stool
  • abdominal discomfort or digestive pain
  • unexplained weight loss, weakness or fatigue
  • a feeling that the bowel doesn’t empty completely.

It’s essential to note that these symptoms can also be caused by conditions other than colon cancer. But, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional if you experience any of these symptoms, especially if they persist for more than a few days or worsen over time.

It is also important to note that since colorectal cancer in its early stages shows no symptoms, especially in younger people, it may be misdiagnosed. For this reason, it’s often diagnosed late at a more advanced stage or when it has spread to other parts of the body.

Read: Ovarian cancer- the silent killer

How is colon cancer treated?

Treatment for colon cancer typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the stage of the cancer. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging, and colonoscopy.

A tissue sample is collected from the large colon by means of the insertion of a flexible tube into the large colon, called a colonoscopy. This can establish a diagnosis. Surgery is often the primary treatment and involves the removal of the cancerous portion of the colon or rectum. In some cases, a colostomy may be necessary, where the remaining part of the colon is attached to an opening in the abdominal wall for the elimination of body waste. This can result in the patient having to use a “colostomy bag” temporarily or permanently.

Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells and can be administered orally or intravenously. Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells and is often used before surgery to shrink the tumour or after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells.

“Treatment depends on the stage of the disease. Early disease is amenable to cure, so surgery is an option to remove the tumour. More advanced disease requires other treatment options, such as chemotherapy,” says Dr. Mbao.

Illustration showcasing the importance of gut health, with a focus on the gut-brain connection, featuring a vibrant and dynamic visualization of neurotransmitters and signaling pathways, conveying the impact of a healthy gut on overall well-being and mental health

Prevention is better than cure!

Early detection through regular screenings are essential in the prevention and management of this condition. Given the prevalence of colon cancer, it’s important to seek medical advice for any concerning symptoms or risk factors.

Dr. Mbao also insists on the importance of a healthy lifestyle, which includes physical exercise and a healthy balanced diet with fresh fruit, vegetables, lean protein, good fats, minimal alcohol and less processed meals.

Also read: The truth about testicular cancer

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2 of the Rarest Breast Cancers Explained
Your HealthExpertsHealth & Wellness

Expert 2 of the Rarest Breast Cancers Explained

by Dr Justus Apffelstaedt, specialist surgeon with a particular interest in breast, thyroid and parathyroid health management,
written by Dr Justus Apffelstaedt, specialist surgeon with a particular interest in breast, thyroid and parathyroid health management,

The rarest breast cancers may not be well-known, but for the women diagnosed with them, awareness and understanding can make a world of difference. Unlike more common breast cancer types, these rare forms often have vague symptoms and fewer treatment guidelines. That’s why it's so important to shine a light on them. Knowing what to look for can empower earlier detection and better support.

In the lead up to Breast Cancer Awareness month, BYY’s experts are bringing you all the latest info on breast cancer so you can empower yourself. By Dr Justus Apffelstaedt, specialist surgeon with an interest in breast, thyroid, and parathyroid health as well as soft tissue surgical oncology.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently dubbed cancer a global health pandemic and local breast cancer statistics are testament to that. According to the Cancer Association of South Africa, breast cancer accounts for over 27% of all new cancer cases of women in sub-Saharan Africa[1].

“Breast cancer accounts for over 27% of all new cancer cases of women in sub-Saharan Africa.”

Specialist surgeon and founder of multi-disciplinary breast health centre, Apffelstaedt, Hoosain & Associates, Dr Justus Apffelstaedt says that deaths from breast cancer are often due to late diagnosis among other factors. “Early detection and treatment of breast cancer is crucial with all forms of breast cancers. It is even more important with rare forms of breast cancers that require a certain level of expertise to be detected. For example, Inflammatory Breast Cancer and Paget’s disease of the nipple often escape mammographic and ultrasound detection but are obvious to the skilled and experienced examiner.”

Inflammatory breast cancer is very aggressive disease and usually progresses rapidly in a matter of weeks or months, while Paget’s disease of the nipple is the manifestation of a very slow-growing, indolent breast cancer which can take months and even years to develop.

CLICK 3 steps for breast health

Inflammatory breast cancer

Considered a very rare breast cancer, the earliest descriptions of this type of breast cancer were recorded over 100 years ago. Dr Apffelstaedt says only about 1-2 % of breast cancers diagnosed at his practice are true inflammatory breast cancer. It is often only detectable on mammography late in the course of the disease when the chance for cure is unfortunately minimal.

“If diagnosis and intervention are made earlier, than prognosis is more hopeful.”

Symptoms: An area of redness of the skin of the breast that enlarges in the absence of fever or other signs of infection may be an early sign of inflammatory breast cancer. “This can be a rash that comes and goes, but is localised to the skin on the breast area.

With these subtle clinical signs, it is often mistaken for an intercurrent infection, treated as such and missed; the diagnosis is therefore often delayed for crucial months. However, the clinical picture is very distinctive to an experienced doctor with a special interest in breast health who will recognise it with one glance,” says Dr Apffelstaedt.

A skin biopsy is required to properly diagnose inflammatory breast cancer as mammography and ultrasound are usually not helpful. Dr Apffelstaedt recommends chemotherapy as a start for treatment: “Only when chemotherapy has cleared the signs of inflammation, can surgery be performed as otherwise the risk of recurrence of the cancer in the wound is very high. After surgery, radiotherapy is mandatory to decrease the chance for recurrence of the cancer. Surgery consists invariably of a mastectomy and reconstruction can take place if appropriate,” he explains.

And the prognosis? Unfortunately, if there has been a delay in diagnosis, with the above-mentioned treatment, only about 30 of 100 patients are alive after 5 years with maximal therapy. If diagnosis and intervention are made earlier, than prognosis is more hopeful.

How to do a breast health self-examination

Paget’s disease of the nipple

According to Dr Apffelstaedt, this type of breast cancer causes little to no pain and grows at a very slow pace, which is why the diagnosis is often missed, sometimes even for years. “It so rare that only 1% of breast cancers diagnosed at my practice manifest as Paget’s disease of the nipple,” he says.

Symptoms: A small scab or erosion of the nipple that very slowly enlarges and is present only on one nipple can often be a sign of Paget’s disease of the nipple. There is no redness or other skin discolouration associated with this breast cancer. What you need to know about 2 of the rarest breast cancers

“Again, the clinical picture of Paget’s disease of the nipple is very distinctive and an experienced doctor with a special interest in breast health will recognise it instantly. For diagnosis, a biopsy of the nipple can reveal the cancer in its early stages. While mammography may show signs of an early stage, non-invasive cancer, often it is not helpful,” says Dr Apffelstaedt.

Mastectomy with immediate reconstruction or breast conserving therapy is the mainstay of the treatment for this breast cancer and about 98 out of 100 diagnosed women are alive and well 10 years after the diagnosis.

“An experienced doctor with a special interest in breast health will recognise it instantly.”

“We all know that screening saves lives, but in cases of rare forms of breast cancer, mammography is not enough and a thorough physical examination by a seasoned practitioner with an interest in breast health can be lifesaving as these cancers are easily missed.” concludes Apffelstaedt.

https://cansa.org.za/breast-cancer/
READ I had breast cancer and couldn’t breastfeed
CHECK OUT Ovarian cancer : the silent killer

BabyYumYum FAQs: 2 of the Rarest Breast Cancers Explained

What are the two rarest types of breast cancer discussed?

The two rare forms of breast cancer often highlighted are Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC) and Paget’s Disease of the Nipple. Both are uncommon and present differently from the more typical forms of breast cancer.

What is Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC)?

IBC is an aggressive and rare type of breast cancer that causes the breast to become red, swollen, and warm. It doesn’t always form a lump, which can delay diagnosis. It’s often mistaken for an infection initially.

What are the signs of Inflammatory Breast Cancer?

Common signs include:

  • Rapid breast swelling
  • Skin that looks like orange peel
  • Redness and warmth in the breast
  • Flattening or inversion of the nipple

These symptoms usually develop quickly over weeks.

What is Paget’s Disease of the Nipple?

Paget’s Disease affects the skin of the nipple and areola and is usually linked to an underlying breast cancer. It resembles eczema but does not respond to typical topical treatments.

What are the symptoms of Paget’s Disease?

Look out for:

  • Itching, redness or flaking of the nipple skin
  • Yellowish or bloody discharge
  • A lump in the breast (in some cases)
  • Burning or tingling sensations

How are these rare breast cancers diagnosed?

Diagnosis often involves:

  • A physical exam
  • Mammography or ultrasound
  • Biopsy of affected tissue
  • MRI for further evaluation

Due to their unusual presentation, early detection can be more challenging.

Are these cancers treatable?

Yes. Both IBC and Paget’s Disease can be treated, often involving a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy depending on the stage and spread.

How common are these cancers in South Africa?

While there is limited local data due to underreporting and misdiagnosis, both types remain rare worldwide. IBC accounts for 1–5% of all breast cancers, and Paget’s Disease is even less common.

Can men develop these rare breast cancers?

Yes. Although rare in men, Paget’s Disease and IBC can still occur. Any unusual changes in the nipple or breast area in men should be investigated.

When should I see a doctor?

Seek medical advice if you notice rapid changes in your breast, persistent skin irritation, discharge from the nipple, or any unusual lump or swelling. Early medical attention improves outcomes.

Is there support available in South Africa?

Yes. Organisations such as CANSA and PinkDrive offer support, education, and access to screening. Government hospitals and clinics also offer breast health services, including referrals to oncology units.\

 

Disclaimer: This FAQ is for informational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment options.

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Baby Yum Yum - Everything you need to know about caesarean section births in South Africa
Childbirth

What to Know About Caesarean Section Births in South Africa

by BabyYumYum
written by BabyYumYum

Whether it’s planned or unexpected, everything you need to know about caesarean section births in South Africa can help you feel more prepared and confident. With one of the highest C-section rates globally, South Africa’s birth landscape is unique—and worth understanding. From public vs private care to recovery realities, this guide breaks it all down. Because every parent deserves clarity, comfort and support.

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Whether you’re booked in for a caesarean section birth or you just want to prepare yourself for delivery day, read on for everything you need to know about C-sections and what you can expect on surgery day. 

The C-section rate in South Africa is among the highest in the world

Around 77% of babies whose parents are on medical aid are born via caesarean section in South Africa. 

There are two types of C-sections

There are two types of caesareans – elective and emergency. Generally, your obstetrician will recommend an elective C-section if there are any potential health risks with a vaginal birth. Emergency caesareans are performed if you or the baby are in distress, you experience problems with your placenta, or your labour is moving too slowly.

A c-section is definitely NOT ‘the easy way out’

A C-section is a major operation and it will only be recommended by your medical professional if there’s a good reason for it. The important thing to remember is that your health and your baby’s health are paramount.

There may be a lot of people in the operating theatre

Along with your doctor, there’ll be at least one nurse (probably two), someone to assist your doctor, an anaesthetist and a paediatrician.

YOU MIGHT LIKE: Gorgeous maternity photo shoots inspired by celebrities

You’ll still be able to feel what’s happening

Despite having an effective dose of anaesthetic, you’ll still be able to feel your baby being lifted from your uterus, if you are awake for your c-section birth. You won’t experience any pain, but expect to feel pressure and perhaps a pulling sensation as your doctor delivers your baby.

You’ll still be able to have skin-to-skin contact

GP Michelle Groves says, “The recommended advice is to let mom and baby have skin-to-skin contact as soon as possible after birth, as long as there are no complications.”

You CAN breastfeed straight away

Provided the baby comes out healthy, it is put on the mother’s breast pretty much as soon as it is delivered, says obstetrician Dr Gino Pecoraro. Mom can cuddle and get the baby to nuzzle her breast and suck while the doctor is continuing with the surgery. Modern medicine is pretty cool, right?

You may have side effects like shaking

Feeling very cold or shaking uncontrollably after a caesarean is harmless, and quite normal. It usually only lasts a couple of hours post-birth, but it can be scary if you’re not expecting it.

You will still bond with your baby

Your ability to bond with your baby is the same as if you had a natural birth. Michelle says you’ll still be able to feel that amazing connection, but you might need some additional help.

“After a C-section, the mother will have some pain in her lower abdomen, which can reduce mobility. But the majority of new moms will be up and about within a few hours of the C-section and there are always nurses on hand to help with lifting the baby to help with nursing.”

c section in south africa: dictionary definition

Worried about your c-section scar? It won’t be as big as you think

Gino says your scar is usually small enough to be hidden. “The scar from a caesarean section only has to be big enough to get the baby’s head out, about 10 centimetres. Remember, the skin is stretchy so we can frequently get by with a slightly smaller scar.” The incision will be made about one or two fingerbreadths above the pubic bone, which won’t be visible if you have pubic hair or plan on wearing a bikini.

ALSO READ: Trending Now: The Top Baby Names in South Africa

You might struggle with constipation after a caesarean birth

The combination of pain medication and the surgery itself may lead to constipation which, after a C-section, can be quite unpleasant. Talk to your doctor about taking a stool softener or similar product.

VBAC: You CAN have a vaginal birth after a C-section

Many women believe that if they have a C-section, they cannot opt for a vaginal birth for their next baby. This depends on your personal circumstances and your labour history. If there are no recurring problems, your doctor may give you the green light to have a vaginal birth.

Gino says, “If a woman plans to have a vaginal delivery after a caesarean, it is important she is aware of the risks and that it is done under medical supervision, where there is access to perform an emergency caesarean section if necessary.” Speak to your doctor for advice.

You’ll still bleed vaginally after a C-section birth

Just because you haven’t had a vaginal birth, that doesn’t mean you get to skip the post-birth bleeding, which can last for up to six weeks.

Regular exercise might help you avoid having a caesarean birth

Regular exercise when pregnant not only helps keep you in good shape, it also reduces your chances of giving birth to a big baby and the likelihood that you’ll have a C-section. Studies have shown that women who participated in moderate workouts three times a week gave birth to smaller babies (under 4.1kg) and the number of women who expected a surgical birth fell by a third.

The in-hospital post-caesarean recovery time is not as long as it used to be

Michelle says, “Generally, three days is the average length of stay after having a C-section.” It was not uncommon for women 20 or 30 years ago to be bedridden for up to a week. “We have advances in medical and surgical treatments to thank for reducing our spell in hospital,” she explains.

It’s still surgery

Remember, a caesarean is still a surgical procedure, so you’ll be prepared like any other patient. This means you’ll be expected to have an empty stomach, no food or drink allowed. You may feel extremely thirsty during your contractions and, to help, your midwife may give you ice chips to suck on sparingly. The general rule before surgery, however, is nil by mouth.

There has been a rise in the trend of ‘maternal-assisted’ caesarean

This is when the mother helps to deliver the baby by lifting it out herself. If you want to do this, you’ll have to be sterilised and ‘scrub in’ like the surgeons, but it still carries a high risk of infection for your incision and many medical professionals don’t allow it. Let’s face it, getting involved in your own C-section is not for the faint-hearted!

Your Vitamin D levels during pregnancy are important

Your baby will get their vitamin D from your stores, so it’s important to keep your levels up during pregnancy. Vitamin D deficiency can also increase the likelihood of having a caesarean birth. “Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy has been associated with pre-eclampsia, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and premature delivery,” says Michelle. “Pregnant women should have their vitamin D levels checked with a blood test to see if they are deficient first before starting supplements.”

Recovery from a caesarean may be slower than with a vaginal birth

Women who have had a C-section, whether it be scheduled or an emergency, may take longer post-birth to feel ready to exercise again, and that is totally okay! Dr Preeya Alexander says, “The obstetrician or midwife will guide you regarding return to activity depending on the birth you have had – but generally your body will tell you when you’re ready.”

c section birth south africa in operating room

If you’re afraid of childbirth, you may be more likely to need an emergency caesarean

A study published in BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology found that 10.9% of women with a fear of childbirth delivered a baby via emergency caesarean, compared to 6.8% of women without fear.

Women who develop a fear of giving birth are more likely to experience a prolonged labour, which could increase their chances of having an emergency C-section.

READ NEXT: What exactly is HypnoBirthing & how does it work?

There’s a new trend towards a ‘gentle’ C-section

A ‘gentle’ or ‘natural’ C-section is when the baby is left to wriggle out of the incision unassisted, as it would in a vaginal birth. But some doctors are against it, believing the demand could lead to more women wanting to have a surgical birth when there is no medical reason for one.

Chewing gum might help your recovery

Can a pack of chewing gum aid your recovery? Scientists say yes! If you’re planning a C-section, pack some chewing gum in your hospital bag. A study published in the Journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine found that when new moms chewed gum as soon as they gave birth and three times a day following surgery, their appetites and bowel movements returned to normal faster than those who didn’t chew gum. 

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